The CHIPS and Science Act: What is it and what is in it? – McKinsey
May 16, 2024
In the time since this article was first published, McKinsey has continued to explore the topics it covers. Read on for a summary of our latest insights.
America’s CHIPS may be down, but not for long. The world’s biggest economy currently manufactures only about 12 percent of the world’s semiconductors, and none of the most advanced types. Enter the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) and Science Act, signed into law in August 2022. Pandemic-related supply chain issues—resulting in painful shortages—highlighted just how few semiconductors are produced in the United States. The act allocated more than $75 billion to jumpstart American competitiveness in the semiconductor industry and reduce dependence on foreign suppliers.
Two years on, the government has doled out significant chunks of money. Seventy semiconductor fabrication plants (known as fabs) are currently under construction in Arizona and Texas; dozens more have been announced or are already under way in other states.
And not a moment too soon. Semiconductor demand is skyrocketing, and the industry is booming accordingly. The global market for semiconductors is set to reach about $1 trillion by 2030, driven by demand in wireless communication and computing, automotive, and industrial sectors. Economic data shows that the semiconductor industry is the second-most profitable in the world and accounts for the second-highest amount of R&D spending—contributing to the creation of many highly skilled jobs.
But despite the available investment, the path ahead isn’t free of obstacles. Companies are wary of plunging headfirst into capital-intensive new projects amid current economic uncertainties. Federal eligibility requirements can be elaborate and difficult to navigate. Some fab construction projects have experienced delays related to labor and material shortages and volatile prices for raw materials. Another challenge is meeting clients’ sustainability requirements: only about 60 of approximately 2,000 semiconductor companies have committed to emissions targets.
As semiconductor companies embark on major capital investments in US fabs, they should implement the following practices during planning and construction:
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This article is a collaborative effort by Justin Badlam, Stephen Clark, Suhrid Gajendragadkar, Adi Kumar, Sara O’Rourke, and Dale Swartz, representing views from McKinsey’s Public Sector Practice.
The Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors and Science Act of 2022 (CHIPS Act), signed into law on August 9, 2022, is designed to boost US competitiveness, innovation, and national security. The law aims to catalyze investments in domestic semiconductor manufacturing capacity. It also seeks to jump-start R&D and commercialization of leading-edge technologies, such as quantum computing, AI, clean energy, and nanotechnology, and create new regional high-tech hubs and a bigger, more inclusive science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Here is a breakdown of the law’s key provisions.
By the numbers: The CHIPS Act directs $280 billion in spending over the next ten years. The majority—$200 billion—is for scientific R&D and commercialization. Some $52.7 billion is for semiconductor manufacturing, R&D, and workforce development, with another $24 billion worth of tax credits for chip production. There is $3 billion slated for programs aimed at leading-edge technology and wireless supply chains.
The chips are down: The United States makes 12 percent of the world’s semiconductors, compared with 37 percent in the 1990s, according to US government statistics.1 Many US firms are dependent on chips made abroad, and the fragility of those supply chains has been laid bare over the past 18 months. Moreover, McKinsey research estimates that worldwide demand will keep growing, with semiconductors poised to become a $1 trillion industry by the end of the decade.
Shoring up semiconductors: Shortages of semiconductors dented US economic growth by nearly a quarter-trillion dollars in 2021, according to the US Department of Commerce.1 To expand domestic manufacturing of mature and advanced semiconductors, the Department of Commerce will oversee $50 billion in investments over five years, including $11 billion for advanced semiconductor R&D and $39 billion to accelerate and drive domestic chip production ($6 billion of which can cover direct loans and loan guarantees).
Boosting national security and 5G supply chains: The CHIPS Act allocates $2 billion to the US Department of Defense to fund microelectronics research, fabrication, and workforce training. An additional $500 million goes to the US Department of State1 to coordinate with foreign-government partners on semiconductor supply chain security. And $1.5 billion funds the USA Telecommunications Act of 2020, which aims to enhance competitiveness of software and hardware supply chains of open RAN (radio access network) 5G networks.
About those tax credits: Given the scale of investment required, building new semiconductor fabrication plants will take more than government funding. Private investment is needed too. Under the CHIPS Act, taxpaying entities receive a 25 percent advanced manufacturing investment tax credit for investments in semiconductor manufacturing and processing equipment—an outlay the Congressional Budget Office estimates will cost $24 billion over five years.
STEM, the moon, and Mars: The law authorizes (but does not yet appropriate) $174 billion over the next five years to various federal science agencies to invest in STEM, workforce development, and R&D, with some $80 billion earmarked for the National Science Foundation. Though specific funding was not allocated to NASA, the law does direct the space agency to establish a “Moon to Mars Program Office.”
Justin Badlam is an expert in McKinsey’s Washington, DC, office, where Stephen Clark is an associate partner, Suhrid Gajendragadkar and Adi Kumar are senior partners, and Sara O’Rourke is a partner; and Dale Swartz is an associate partner in the Silicon Valley office.
The authors wish to thank Ed Barriball, Andy Braden, Henry Feldman, Christine Herrmann, and Grace Zimmerly for their contributions to this article.